Symptoms
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically
significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or
more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month
period:
tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve
intoxication or desired effect
markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
of the substance
withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance
the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve
or avoid withdrawal Symptoms
the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer
period than was intended
there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down
or control substance use
a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain
the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long
distances), use the substance (e.g., chain-smoking), or recover
from its effects
important social, occupational, or recreational activities are
given up or reduced because of substance use
the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent
or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely
to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (e.g., current
cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression,
or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made
worse by alcohol consumption)
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